5/30/2023 0 Comments Elucidate gmbh![]() Pollen grains are the microgametophytes of seed plants that produce the male gametes needed for sexual reproduction. We suggest that the shift from a typical pollen coat to a gum-like or mucilage-like pollen coat in flowering plants is an adaptation to habitats with high humidity and scarcity of pollinators. The genes involved in ‘polysaccharide metabolism’ and ‘transport’ in the development of a mucilage-like pollen coat and in ‘lipid metabolism’ and ‘transport’ in the development of a gum-like pollen coat probably evolved under positive selection in both cases. Our cytological and comparative transcriptome analysis showed that different types of pollen coat depend on the residual amount and composition of anther locular fluid at the BCP stage. The set of specific highly-expressed (SHE) genes in Cco was enriched in the ‘polysaccharide metabolic process’ annotation term, while ‘fatty acid degradation’ and ‘metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides’ were significantly enriched in SHE-Hhn. Nevertheless, there were marked differences between these species: there were much lower levels of anther locular fluid in Hhn at the BCP stage and it contained less polysaccharide, but more lipid, than the locular fluid of Cco. ResultsĬontrary to the ‘typical’ pollen coat, in ginger species with a mucilage-like ( Caulokaempferia coenobialis, Cco) or gum-like ( Hornstedtia hainanensis, Hhn) pollen coat, anther locular fluid was still present at the bicellular pollen (BCP) stage of development. The morphological differences between the three types of pollen coat and the related molecular mechanisms of their formation were studied using an integrative approach of cytology, RNA-seq and positive selection analysis. We demonstrate three types of pollen coat in Zingiberaceae, a mucilage-like pollen coat and a gum-like pollen coat, along with a pollen coat more typical of angiosperms. However, little is known about the pollen coat, which confers species specificity. The cytology and molecular biology of the development of the intine and exine components of the pollen wall are relatively well characterised. Each pollen grain is contained within a pollen wall consisting of intine and exine, over which the lipoid pollen coat lies. © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020ĪRC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef StudiesĤ1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES > 4102 Ecological applications > 410203 Ecosystem function 50%ģ1 BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES > 3103 Ecology > 310305 Marine and estuarine ecology (incl.The pollen ornate surface of flowering plants has long fascinated and puzzled evolutionary biologists for their variety. This study demonstrates that the use of elemental chemistry within cubozoan statoliths has the potential to determine vertical and horizontal movements where temperature gradients are strong. Individual Sr:Ca tracks also suggested that individuals moved over a depth range of tens to hundreds of meters through undertaking regular vertical movements. Ba:Sr maxima further supported this as Ba concentrations are usually higher below the thermocline. For the middle section of the statoliths, strong evidence from both Sr:Ca and Ba:Ca ratios suggested that the jellyfish reached depths of at least 200-400 m. Ambient water temperatures estimated for the end period of the jellyfish's lives closely matched known sea surface temperatures in Hawaii, hence supporting a correlation between statolith Sr:Ca and temperature. High Sr:Ca values in the core and edge of the statoliths were found which corresponded with the time jellyfish were in shallow waters. alataat different life-history stages and use elemental chemistry as an environmental marker to estimate their life-time movements. ![]() The approach was to ground-truth estimates of temperature based on a previous manipulative laboratory-based experiment, determine Sr:Ca and Ba:Ca ratios in the statoliths ofA. ![]() The objective of this study was to test a hypothesis that the cubozoan jellyfishAlatina alataspends a large part of its life at great depths by utilising the recently validated technique of statolith elemental chemistry. Movements undertaken by marine organisms occur for varying reasons and knowledge surrounding them is critically important for understanding population structures, ecology and for effective management and conservation of species.
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